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Course exercises

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Začetni tečaj

Cilj: tehnično pravilno vzletanje in pristajanje ter razumevanje osnov mehanike vodenja jadralnega padala.

✓ Vaja 1: Priprava jadralnega padala za vzlet
razprostiranje krila · razpletanje in priprava vrvic · namestitev in zapenjanje letalnega sedeža · pripenjanje padala na letalni pas · pet kontrolnih točk

✓ Vaja 2: Dvig krila
polnjenje in dvig krila · stabilizacija in kontrola · zaviranje do podiranja krila za pilotom · vodenje krila po tleh s spremembo hitrosti in smeri · kontrolirana prekinitev vzleta · vzvratni dvig krila · vse v različnih pogojih terena in vetra

✓ Vaja 3: Vzlet, let in pristanek
določitev smeri vzleta in postopno večanje hitrosti krila · vzlet v pokončnem položaju, let naravnost, pristanek z zaviranjem in tekom · pristanek s prevalom (simulacija) · nameščanje v sedež in pravočasen izhod iz sedeža · uravnavanje hitrosti, smeri in višine v fazi pristajanja · vzlet in let z bočnim vetrom · odpiranje zaprtega krila (simulacija pri vodenju po terenu)

Vaja 4: Vodenje — zavoji
odprti (90°) in zaprti (180°) zavoji samo s krmilnimi vrvicami · zavoji v kombinaciji z nagibom telesa · zavoj z vetrom in zavoj proti vetru

Nadaljevalni tečaj

Cilj: samostojno in varno letenje v optimalnih meteoroloških pogojih. Za pristop k izpitu: najmanj 50 višinskih letov (nad 300 m višinske razlike) na petih različnih vzletiščih. Med leti je obvezna radijska zveza z učiteljem.

✓ Vaja 1: Spretnostne vaje krmiljenja krila na šolskem terenu
ground handling v močnejšem vetru (15–25 km/h) · vzlet z vzvratnim dvigom krila · pristanek na pobočju · pristanek in porušitev krila v močnejšem vetru

Vaja 2: Zavoji
odprti in zaprti zavoji nad ravnino · upočasnjeni ploščati zavoji ob pobočju · zaprti zavoji ob pobočju (osmice) na varni razdalji od pobočja

Vaja 3: Kroženje
kroženje v levem in desnem zavoju · izmenično kroženje v levo in desno · let po osi: 360° v levo in 360° v desno, oba končana v osi leta, skupaj v manj kot 35 sekundah

Vaja 4: Vaje nadzorovanega nihanja
nihanje jadralnega padala po prečni osi · nihanje po vzdolžni osi · uravnavanje leta

Vaja 5: Pospešen let
uporaba nožnega pospeševalnika s korekcijo smeri

Vaja 6: »Ušesa« — postopek hitrega spuščanja
simetrično zapiranje koncev krila za večjo hitrost spuščanja · zavijanje levo/desno z nagibom teže v sedežu · kombinacija z nožnim pospeševalnikom

Vaja 7: Vodenje z zadnjima nosilnima trakovoma
nadomestni način vodenja z zadnjimi nosilnimi trakovi in nagibom v sedežu

Vaja 8: Enostransko zapiranje jadralnega padala in reševanje
simulacija zapiranja s potegom zunanjih nosilnih vrvic A-linije · aktivno reševanje po postopku

Vaja 9: Pristajalni postopek iz zaprtih zavojev
zaprti zavoji (180°) · v omejenem prostoru prehod v let naravnost proti vetru v pristanek

Vaja 10: Pristajalni postopek »pristajalni zavoj«
tri stranice: let z vetrom (vzporedno s pristajalno linijo, indikacija vetra in zniževanje) · prečno letenje · finale proti vetru z vzravnavo v sedežu, zaviranje največ 50 %

Vaja 11: Priprava na izpitni let
izvedba elementov, predvidenih v vsebini izpitnega leta

Source: paraglider pilot training program (FCL.PRG-1), Slovenian Civil Aviation Agency — caa.si

Exam questions

The quiz is available to course participants in My Course. For everyone else, it's open on the page Exam questions →

Paragliding pilot exam question catalogue (English edition, 2009) — 406 questions.

To successfully pass the exam, you need at least 80% in each subject, and 100% in Emergency Procedures.

VFR aeronautical navigation chart of the Republic of Slovenia

Click opens the map in full resolution. Source: VFR aeronautical navigation chart of RS 2026, Slovenia Control (AIM portal).

Answered

Correct

Success rate

Subject	Answered	Correct	Success rate	Threshold
					✓ ✗ …

A-01 · Which body of the same frontal cross-section and at the same speed offers least drag?

Round plate Sphere Modern airfoil Forward facing hollow hemisphere

A-02 · Which body of the same frontal cross-section and at the same speed offers most drag?

Forward facing hemisphere Round plate Sphere Aerodynamic body

A-03 · We describe laminar airflow as :

Air particles are moving almost parallel Air particles are moving turbulent Air particles are moving in the way of air stream Air particles are moving against the way of airstream

A-04 · How does the profile of a paraglider get shape ?

As a consequence of negative pressure above the wing As a consequence of positive pressure under the wing As a consequence of positive pressure in the wing As a consequence of negative pressure in the wing

A-05 · Where does the force of gravity pull?

On the centre of gravity On the stall point On the differential point In the middle

A-06 · The drag is pulling in the direction of:

Mass Lift Relative air stream Force of gravity

A-07 · Which force is pulling against the force of gravity during the glide?

drag Lift Resultant of aerodynamic forces Mass

A-08 · What is the glide angle ?

Angle between the profile chord and relative air stream Angle between horisontal and vertical speed Angle between the profile chord and horisontal surface - ground Angle between direction of the flying speed and horisontal surface - ground

A-09 · What is the name of the resultant of the lifting power and the drag?

Mass RAF (resultant of the aerodynamic forces) Force of gravity Weight

A-10 · The lift is pulling :

Opposite of the force of gravity Opposite of the drag Perpendiculary to the drag Opposite of the centripetal force

A-11 · At what angle, regarding to the airstream, the lift is pulling?

180 degrees 45 degrees 90 degrees 135 degrees

A-12 · Which factor is irrelevant for the lift force?

Air speed Wind speed Wing surface Air density

A-13 · Which factor is irrelevant for the lift force?

Cruising speed Air speed Angle of attack Wing surface

A-14 · Which factors are important for the lift force?

Profile, speed, surface speed, weight, thermals surface, speed, drag speed, front cross section, stall pressure

A-15 · How the lift is distributed over the wing?

The biggest part is on the first third of the wing The biggest part is on the last third of the wing It is evenly distributed over the whole wing It is unevenly distributed over the whole wing

A-16 · With asymmetric airfoil:

Airstream way over upper surface is shorter than lower surface Airstream way over lower surface is longer than upper surface Airstream way over upper surface is same as the lower surface Airstream way over upper surface is longer than lower surface

A-17 · With Every lift producing airfoil the airstream over the upper surface is:

faster slower same speed faster is only the boundary layer

A-18 · The lift is result of :

Negative pressure and presure on the upper surface of the wing Negative pressure and pressure around the wing Negative pressure on the upper surface and pressure on the bottom surface of the wing The boundary layer

A-19 · Which statement is correct?

The lift is produced only on the upper surface of the wing The lift is the result of the inner pressure of the canopy The lift is evenly distributed over the whole wing The lift is a sum of 55% on the upper and 45% on the bottom side of the wing

A-20 · What is the correct distribution of lift on a bent asymetric airfoil?

1/3 pressure on upper surface, 2/3 negative pressure on the bottom surface 2/3 negative pressure on the upper surface, 1/3 pressure on the bottom surface 2/3 pressure on the upper surface, 1/3 negative pressure on the bottom surface 2/3 negative pressure on the bottom surface, 1/3 pressure on the upper surface

A-21 · Where on the paraglider do we find mostly negative pressure?

Under the wing Nowhere on paraglider Upper surface of the wing Inside of the wing

A-22 · The leading edge of the airfoil during the glide is facing:

Slightly up Slightly down Vodoravno Closed down

A-23 · Thick and strongly bent airfoil provides:

Little lift at high speeds Strong lift at small speeds Good glide angle at small speeds and at landing High surface load of the wing due to the big volume

A-24 · What do we achieve with shortening of the A lines?

Angle of attack gets smaller, glider flies faster Angle of attack changes, glider flies slower Landing is easier, No more overshooting tendency during the take off

A-25 · What is true when we push accelerator (speed bar):

Speed and range get higher, pressure in the canopy gets smaller Air speed increasses, roll stability increasses Angle of attack increasses, ground speed increasses Horisontal speed increasses, sink increasses, tendency to collapse increasses

A-26 · What is true when we push accelerator (speed bar):

Glider is more stabile due to the increased speed Glider is more sensitive to collapses Higher risk of deep stall To level the wing we must start braking

A-27 · Trimmers on the paraglider:

Improve glide angle in no wind condition Are fixed to the rear risers Are fixed to the A lines Can be changed thoughtless on every glider

A-28 · If the rear lines of the glider are shortened:

The angle of attack is increased, possibility of stall Take off is easier Glider flies faster Raising the glider (at the takeoff) is more difficult

A-29 · What can happen if A and B lines are streched?

Glider can fall in the deep stall and stay stalled Bad take off The use of speed bar is not effective It's hard to perform full stall

A-30 · How does the center of pressure move as we increase the angle of attack?

Center of pressure stays on the same point regardless to angle of attack Center of pressure moves towards the trailing edge of the airfoil, reaching maximum distance at the critical angle of attack Center of pressure is moving towards the leading edge of the airfoil, reaching maximum distance at the critical angle of attack Center of pressure is moving towards the leading edge at small angle of attack and is moving towards the trailing edge at bigger angles of attack

A-31 · While flying slow we increase angle of attack, so:

The drag is getting smaller The drag increases The drag stays the same Aerodynamic forces get smaller

A-32 · Danger of loosing the lift is especially serious:

When we brake hard at big angles of attack When we loosen up the brake lines When flying fast When pushing speed bar

A-33 · When pulling brakes for too long it is dangerous:

That during landing glider will not be slowed down enough That the glider will be too fast That the air flow can separate from the airfoil That we'll be too long at the landing

A-34 · During Full stall:

There is no lift There is only drag Inner pressure is decreased A and C are correct

A-35 · What can increase the gliders tendency to stall?

wet wing increased porosity streched A and B lines A , B and C is correct

A-36 · What can happen if the brake lines are set 40 cm too short?

Takeoff is impossible Glider flies too slow, angle of attack is increased, possibility of loosing the lift Takeoff is possible, speed is to high The glider can not be stopped during the takeoff

A-37 · What happens if brake lines are set 15 cm too long?

Deeper pulling of the brake lines are necessary Air speed is too small Take off is impossible It has no effect

A-38 · From wings polar curve we can see :

Maksimum bank in turns Speed at the best glide angle Maksimum allowed speed Wind speed

A-39 · In the polar curve the highest sink is at point (enclosure nr. 2) :

A B C D

A-40 · Which is the point ob the best glide (enclosure nr. 2) ?

A B C D

A-41 · What is true about the best glide speed?

We reach it with pushing 50% of the speed bar It is slightly smaller than the speed of min. sink It is slightly bigger than the speed of min. sink We reach it with 50% braking

A-42 · Usually the glider has the best glide or the best sink while flying as follows:

Slightly accelerated for the best glide, slightly braked for min. sink Trim speed for the best glide, 20 – 40 cm braked for the min. sink 20% brake for the best glide, 30% brake for min. sink 50% brake for the best glide, trim speed for min. sink

A-43 · When glider is flying at the best glide speed:

The lift is bigger than the drag The lift is equal to the drag Brake lines are 50% pulled The stall pressure is the biggest

A-44 · Glide angle number tells:

How immune the glider is to friction How the lift changes with angles of attack What is the ratio between horisontal distance flown and alltitude lost The ratio between construction angle and angle of attack

A-45 · What is the glide ratio of the glider, which in calm conditions flies 4.2 km distance from 600 m relative altitude?

6 7 1:4 5

A-46 · Glider flies in calm conditions 900m distance from 300m relative altitude. How far can it fly from 2100 m of relative altitude?

2,5 km 4,8 km 5,3 km 6,3 km

A-47 · How does the glide ratio of a glider (4 in no wind at 30 km/h air speed) change , when flying at the same settings and tail wind of 30 km/h?

Glide ratio is 8 Glide ratio is 6 Glide ratio is 10 Glide ratio doesn't change

A-48 · If the air speed is 34 km/h and there is a17 km/h of head wind:

Glide ratio doubles Glide ratio divides into halfs Glide angle doubles B and C is correct

A-49 · The speed range of the paraglider is:

From wind speed to flight speed From flight speed to max. Allowed speed From min. To max. speed From stall speed to best glide speed

A-50 · What is air speed?

Speed relative to surrounding air Speed relative to the ground Wind speed Head wind speed

A-51 · Which is the most important speed for flying?

Ground speed Speed relative to the surrounding air Wind speed Sink speed

A-52 · Does during glide flying forward necessarily mean flying down too (relative to the surrounding air)?

No, in good conditions we can also climb relative to the surrounding air There is no connection Yes Yes, except when drag equals lift

A-53 · If pilot flies without braking :

Is more sensitive to collapses in turbulent air There is a danger of glider pass by the pilot Is less sensitive to collapses in turbulent air Is less sensitive to collapses in calm air

A-54 · What speed should a pilot fly at in a thermal to reach max. Climb?

With min. speed Max. speed Speed of best glide Speed of min. sink

A-55 · How should a pilot fly in wide, weak thermals?

Braking with both brakes, weight shifting to the back Easy braking and weight shifting to the inner side of the turn Strong braking on the inner side, no weight shifting Braking on both sides, weight shifting to the outer side

A-56 · Basic setting of the construction angle of attack should provide:

That Glider is flying stable in a straight line with right speed and good manouvrability That the glider flies at the best glide speed when 50 % braked That the glider flies wit min. Sink speed No answer is correct

A-57 · Increased wing load causes:

Increased collapse stability, increased trim speed and sink rate, better responding of the wing Better penetration and glide angle Safer big ears, smaller angle of attack Increased stability and collapse resistance, better ratio between Vx and Vy

A-58 · How does the higher wing load affect the speed?

It decreases It increases Doesn't affect Only the polar curve changes

A-59 · How does the higher wing load affect the min. Speed?

Min. Speed decreases Min. Speed increases Min. Speed stays the same No affect

A-60 · Heavier pilots fly relative to the lighter pilots (with the same glider):

Slower Same Slower with head wind Faster

A-61 · Which drag affects the glider during the flight?

friction geometrical Induced A, B and C is correct

A-62 · Equalizing of pressures on the wing tips causes:

Friction drag Surface drag Induced drag Interference drag

A-63 · How can we reduce the induced drag?

With higher weight of the pilot With smaller aspect ratio of the wing With higher aspect ratio of the wing With smoother upper surface of the wing

A-64 · With increasing aspect ratio we induce:

Reduction of the induced drag Increase of the induced drag No affect on the induced drag Reduction of the interference drag

A-65 · Swing stability means:

Stability of the glider around horizontal axis Stability of the glider while stalling Stability of the glider around longitudinal axis A and C are correct

A-66 · At sudden gusts of wind or when entering a strong thermal, the resulting torque swings the glider around:

Longitudinal axis Horizontal axis Transversal axis Vertical axis

A-67 · Very tight (too short) chest strap of the harness:

Increases possibility of rotation around vertical axis Makes steering with weight shifting difficult Increases tendency to lock in spiral A, B and C is correct

A-68 · Advantages of low hook in points on the harness are:

Better flying performances Better agility of the wing Higher stability There is no advantage

A-69 · Consequences of low hook in points on the harness are:

Reduced roll stabilita, increased possibility of twist after collapse Landing is difficult Impossible to make sharp turns Less responding wing while in the turn

A-70 · Solidity of an airfoil depends on:

speed number of cells hardiness of the canopy fabric Size of cell openings

A-71 · The drag of the body, at the same angle of attack, is increasing with speed:

Linear With the square of the speed Three times faster then speed Stays approximately the same

A-72 · How is the drag changing as the speed doubles?

The drag doesn't change It doubles It is six times bigger It is four times bigger

A-73 · Does the drag coefficient change, if the speed doubles, and if it does, how much?

Doesn't change It doubles It's four times bigger It's six times bigger

A-74 · the drag, caused by the airflow, changes with surface of the wing (at the same speed):

with the square half way Linear Arithmetical

A-75 · How does the drag change with double surface of the body and at the same air speed ?

It doubles It quadruplicates It doesnt change It halves

A-76 · Flying in turn automatically means:

Less sink Same sink Better climb More sink

A-77 · which is the additional force, working in the turn, compared to the straight level flight ?

Centrifugal force Alltogether weight Turn drag Brake line pull

A-78 · what is happening with wing load in the turn (compared to the straight flight)?

Wing load in the turn is allways increasing slowly Wing load stays the same Wing load in the turn allways increases, depending on bank and intensity of the turn Wing load in the turn is allways reduced

A-79 · when does the flight preparation beggin?

At the takeoff In the flight area At home In the air

A-80 · What does the flight preparation include?

Overview of weather situation and definition of possible turbulent areas Definition of tekeoff time Pilot decides, according to his experience, whether to fly or not A, B and C is correct

A-81 · Take off place must be chosen so that:

Is protected from wind It still enables us to start when sudden back wind occurs It is big enough for safe abortion of takeoff Has a vertical cliff at the and, enabling us to take off at least there

A-82 · When do we execute five control points procedure?

When the glider is spread and the lines are disentangled Moment before takeoff, when the pilot is ready to go During control check of the canopy Before putting on the harness

A-83 · When do we check A and brake lines?

Only when preparing lines before the take-off Only during 5 control points procedure Only during canopy check a moment before take-off At line preparation before take-off, and during 5 control points procedure

A-84 · Your glider has appo. 40 cm long crack in the third cell. Can you take-off anyway?

Yes No Only with enough front wind Only on the flat terrain

A-85 · How do we abort take-off?

With strong pull on one brake line We throw ourselves and lay down on the ground With a pull on both brake lines First we brake the glider on one side, then on the other

A-86 · Which factors prolong running during the take-off?

High temperatures and high altitude of take-off place Low temperatures and high altitude of take-off place Low temperatures and low altitude of take-off place The temperature and altitude don't have any influence on the lenght of running

A-87 · What can happen when the pilot turns wrong during the reverse launch?

Leg straps can twist Brake lines are blocked, we can not steer the glider There's no danger, pilot can untwist immediately after take-off The glider can suffer a frontal collapse

A-88 · While soaring on the slope we must never turn:

Away from the slope Into the wind Into the slope When we are in the middle of the slope

A-89 · What is true for the final leg of circuit pattern?

Pilot evaluates his height for the last time before landing Pilot reduces redundant height With gentle turns Pilot reduces redundant height with 'pumping' the brake lines In last meters above the ground pilot calms down the flight, flies straight and leaning forward prepares for touch down

A-90 · What must pilot do immediately after landing?

He helps others to fold their gliders He checks his equipment He notes his flight in his flight book He squeezes his glider and moves away from the landing field

A-91 · How do we land on the slope?

Allways into the wind Transversal on the slope Down the slope With the wind into the slope

A-92 · Which terrain is most suitable for difficult emergency landing?

Deciduous forrest Rocky, steep terrain Pine tree forrest Electric long distance transmissions

A-93 · Which instrument is not used for paragliding?

Variometer Turn and bank indicator Altimeter Speed probe

A-94 · Which is the instrument for air speed measurements of the paraglider?

We can not measure air speed of the paraglider Variometer Air speed probe based on the principle of airflow Anemometer

A-95 · The principle of altitude measurement is measurement of:

Air pressure Straight line distance under the pilot Temperature and temperature gradient Altitude above the ground

A-96 · What do we measure with GPS instrument?

Air speed Ground speed Vertical speed Wind speed

M-01 · How do we name the gas layer around the earth?

Troposphere Atmosphere Homosphere Stratosphere

M-02 · How does the different layers follow?

Strato-, tropo-, mezo-, ionosphere Strato-, tropo-, jono-, mesosphere Tropo-, strato-, meso-, ionosphere Tropo-, iono-, strato-, mesosphere

M-03 · In which layer of the atmosphere the weather occurrences are happening?

In tropopause In mesosphere In stratosphere In troposphere

M-04 · The ICAO international standard atmosphere is based on following values:

Relative humidity 100%, temperature gradient- 3°C/1.000 ft, air pressure at sea level 750 mmHg, temperature at sea level 15°C Temperature at sea level 15°C, relative humidity 20%, temperature gradient -0,65°C/100 m (or -2°C/1.000 ft), air pressure at sea level 29,92 mm Hg Air pressure at sea level 1013,2 hPa, temperature at sea level 15°C, relative humidity 0%, temperature gradient -0,65°C/100 m (or -2°C/1.000 ft) Temperature gradient -1°C/100 m, air pressure at sea level 1013,2 hPa, temperature at sea level 15°C, relative humidity 0%

M-05 · What is the value of air density in the international standard atmosphere (by ICAO) ?

1,239 g/L 1,225 g/m³ 0,001293 g/m³ 1,225 kg/m³

M-06 · The temperature drop with altitude in the international standard atmosphere (ba ICAO) is :

1°C/100 m 0,65°C/100 m 0,80°C/100 m 0,50°C/100 m

M-07 · What is the temperature at 2500m, if the temperature at 500m is 15°C, considering the vertical thermic gradient of the international standard atmosphere (by ICAO) ?

+4°C +2°C 0°C -2°C

M-08 · Which are the two instruments for meteorlogical air pressure measurements ?

Mercury barometer, hygrometer Statinary barometer, psychrometer Aneroid barometer, hygrometer Dose barometer, mercury barometer

M-09 · What is the appo. Pressure at the sea level?

1 bar 1,2 bar 100 hPa 2 bar

M-10 · Unit for air pressure, used in aviation, are:

atm mWS psi hPa

M-11 · How does the air pressure change with increasing altitude?

It stays the same It is dropping constantly, 1 hPa on every 8 km It halves at 5.500 m It halves at 11.000 m

M-12 · What is the approximate altitude, where the air pressure is only one half of the air pressure at sea level?

1.500 m MSL 2.500 m MSL 5.500 m MSL 7.000 m MSL

M-13 · Atmosphere is approximately 600 km thick. At what altitude the air pressure is only one half of the air pressure at the sea level?

at 18.000 ft MSL. at 300 km MSL. at 8.000 m MSL. at the altitude of thropopause

M-14 · What is happening with oxygen percent in throposphere as altitude is increasing?

Is growing Stays the same Is dropping Depends on the air pressure changes

M-15 · Which component of the air has the major role in weather phenomena?

Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxyde Water vapour

M-16 · Term 'dew point' means:

Temperature where condensation is equal to evaporation Temperature from where on the dew always occures Temperature the air must cool down to, so it becomes saturated with contained water vapour The difference between air temperature and evaporation temperature

M-17 · Why the clouds form in the atmosphere?

Because of the air, raising and warming Because of the water, appearing and disappearing in the atmosphere Because of the general air circulation Because of the humid air, raising up and cooling down under the dew point temperature

M-18 · What is the definition of relative humidity?

Amount of water in grams per m3 of air Amount of water in grams per kg of air Relation between the actual and saturated humidity of air, expressed in percents Relation between water and vapour in the air

M-19 · Amount of water vapour that can be contained in the air, depends on:

Dew point Temperature Air stability Relative humidity

M-20 · The amount of water vapour, that can be held in the air, depends on what?

Warmer air can hold less water vapour Colder air can hold more water vapour It doesn't depend on the temperature Warmer air can hold more water vapour

M-21 · Which air mass is the warmest and most humid?

Continental polar Meritime polar Meritime tropical Continental tropical

M-22 · At which phase transition heat is generated and what is the name of the transition ?

Solid to liquid; condensation Gas to liguid; condensation Solid to gas; sublimation Liquid to solid; condensation

M-23 · Wet adiabatic movement of air is the type of vertical movement of air, when:

Formation of the cloud beggins as dry air rises Condensation of water vapour beggins as air mass descends Saturated air is raising and therefore cooling for less then 1°C/100 m Saturated air is raising and therefore cooling for more then 1°C/100 m

M-24 · Dry air raising adiabatically, is cooling:

1,5°C/100 m 0,5°C/100 m 1°C/100 m 7°C/1000 m

M-25 · Wet air, raising adiabatically, is cooling:

0,5°C/100 m 1°C/100 m 3°C/200 m 2°C/300 m

M-26 · What is katabatic wind?

Wind blowing uphill due to the ground heating Wind, blowing downhill due to the cooling of the slope Wind, blowing downhill due to the ground heating Wind, blowing due to the forming of the cyclon

M-27 · Relative humidity of descending air on a thermal day:

Is raising Stays the same Is dropping No answer is correct

M-28 · What is the rotation direction of low pressure and high pressure air ma ss on the northern hemisphere?

Low pressure air mass rotates clockwise, high pressure air mass rotates counter clockwise Rotation depends on mutual position of high and low pressure air masses Clockwise, but only at high altitude Low pressure air mass rotates counter clockwise, high pressure air mass rotates clockwise

M-29 · In which direction the low pressure air masses are moving on the northern hemisphere?

Towards east Towards south Towards north Towards west

M-30 · Which weather phenomena are typical for cyclon passing and in wat order are they following?

Clearings after long period of rain, cumulus clouds, air pressure drop, possibility of showers High clouds, air pressure raising, gusting west wind, showers Increasing cloudiness, air pressure drop, precipitations, cloudiness disintegration, raising air pressure with change of wind direction, cumulus clouds Increasing cloudiness, temperature drop, precipitations, clearing, showers

M-31 · Where the large areas of raising air masses can be found?

In anticyclon Above inversion In cyclons and anticyclons In cyclon

M-32 · Which are the areas of descending air masses and what is the state of stability there ?

In anticyclon; stabil atmosphere In cyclon; stabil atmosphere In anticyclon; labil atmosphere In cyclon; labil atmosphere

M-33 · Extensive descending of air in the area of high pressure is called:

Adiabate Convection Inversion Subsidence

M-34 · Consequence of the air mass descending in the summer anticyclon is:

Warming of the air, disappearing of inversion, disintegration of clouds Forming of inversion, cooling of air, forming of clouds Warming of air, forming of inversion, disintegration of clouds Disintegration of clouds, cooling of air, disappearing of inversion

M-35 · What is the reason for the usually warm weather in the summer anticyclon?

The warming at high air pressure makes cloud formation impossible The descending inversion disappears on high altitude Due to the direct heating of the sun the clouds disintegrate Air masses descend from high altitudes and clouds therefore disintegrate

M-36 · Which inconvenient weather phenomena are characteristic for winter anticyclon ?

Ground fog, high fog and ocassional weak precipitations Large areas with showers Reduced visibility due to snow showers Vertical development clouds with low clodbases

M-37 · At what distance infront of the coming warm front the first Cirrostratus and altostratus clouds appear?

40-60 km 60-80 km 100-120 km 400-800 km

M-38 · Which clouds are typical for wet and stabile air of cloud front?

Stratus, nimbostratus Stratocirrus, altocirrus Cirrus, cumulus Cumulus, cumulonimbus

M-39 · Appearing of cirrus clouds usually means coming of:

Cold front Warm front Warm front occlusion Lines of instability

M-40 · How do warm and cold air mass move in the warm front?

Warm air mass is raising on the cold air mass Cold air mass is drifting above warm air mass Cold air mass is squeezing under warm air mass Cold air mass is raising above warm air mass

M-41 · Which is the usual wind in Slovenija before cloud front from the west?

SW NW E SE

M-42 · What type of clouds are typical for warm front pass?

Cirrus, cirrocumulus, nimbostratus, cumulonimbus Cirrocumulus, altocumulus, cumulus, cumulonimbus Cirrus, cirrostratus, altostratus, nimbostratus Cirrocumulus, stratocirrus, stratus, nimbostratus

M-43 · How do warm and cold air mass move in the cold front?

Cold air drifts over warm air Cold air is raising on warm air Warm air is pushing over cold air Cold air is squeezing under warm air

M-44 · Which weather phenomena is typical for a summer cold front?

rain thunderstorms and showers fog light rain

M-45 · Which clouds are typical for cold front?

Cumulonimbus Stratus Nimbostratus Altostratus

M-46 · When and under what circumstances thunderstorms on cold front appear?

Any time of day, when cold air breaks through Usually in the afternoon, when cold air rises over warm air During the night at the end of summer In the morning, when inversion is near the ground and warmer air is high

M-47 · What happens with wind and visibility after cold front in the summer, which clouds and precipitations are typical?

Wind speed increases, visibility is medium, clouds are AS and NS, moderate precipitations Wind changes direction to left, weather is windy, clouds AS and NS, showers Wind changes direction to left, weather is windy, visibility is good, clouds are CB and fractus clouds, showers Wind changes direction to the right, weather is windy, visibility is good, clouds are CB, showers and possible thunderstorms

M-48 · What can we expect in Primorska region after the cold front?

Bora wind and dangerous flying conditions S wind, good flying conditions Tramontana wind, quickly turning to Burja wind, slow clearings and dangerous flying conditions Burja wind, good and safe flying conditions

M-49 · Which are the high clouds?

Altocirrus, cumulocirrus Cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus Nimbostratus, stratus Cumulus, stratus

M-50 · Which clouds always consist of ice crystals?

Stratus, stratocumulus, cumulus Cirrostratus, cirrocumulus Altocumulus, altostratus, nimbostratus Cumulus, stratocumulus, altocumulus

M-51 · Medium height clouds are:

Stratus, stratocumulus, cumulus Cirrostratus, cirrocumulus Altocumulus, altostratus, nimbostratus Cumulonimbus, stratus, cirrostratus

M-52 · Which cloud stretches over all three cloud levels?

CI - cirrusi ST - stratusi AC - altocumulusi CB - cumulonimbusi

M-53 · Wave lift can be marked with lens shaped clouds, named:

Mammatus Stationar lenticularis Tromb clouds Rotor clouds

M-54 · Which clouds are typical for stabile atmosphere?

CU - cumulus AS - altostratus CB - cumulonimbus ST - stratus

M-55 · Which clouds are typical for labile atmosphere?

CU - kumulus CS - cirostratus ST - stratus AS - altostratus

M-56 · Clouds with severe turbulence are:

Cumulus Cumulonimbus Nimbostratus AltoCumulus castellanus

M-57 · Showers usually fall from:

CB - cumulonimbusi ST - stratusi CI - cirrusi CU - cumulusi

M-58 · From which clouds we usually don't expect precipitations?

ST - stratus CI - cirus CB - kumulonimbus NS - nimbostratus

M-59 · From which clouds we can expect thunderstorms?

ST - stratus NS - nimbostratus SC - stratocumulus CB - cumulonimbus

M-60 · What is the criteria for atmosphere stability?

Air pressure Temperature on the ground Vertical temperature gradient Wind speed

M-61 · For stabile air mass is typical:

Good visibility Good thermals Showers Medium or bad visibility with haze

M-62 · What is typical for unstable air mass?

Turbulent air and good visibility near the ground Turbulent air and bad visibility near the ground Nimbostratus Clouds and good visibility near the ground Inversion and reduced visibility near the ground

M-63 · What type of clouds and weather could be expected in the summer with humid and labile ai r mass?

Individual cumulus, good thermals, no showers or thunderstorms Vertical cloud development, storm clouds, showers and thunderstorms Stratus clouds, overcasting, bad visibility, occasional light rain Long duration rain from overcasting stratus

M-64 · Humid and unstable air mass is during the summer recognized by:

Cumulus clouds and showers reduced visibility and calm air Stratus clouds and regular rain Fog and drizzle

M-65 · What is temperature inversion?

Clouds with intensive vertical development Good visibility in lower layers, bad visibility in higher layers Raising temperature with height Dropping temperature with height

M-66 · Typical for temperature inversion is:

Stable air Unstable air Uphill wind Thunderstorms

M-67 · What is the reason for ground inversion?

Air is cooling in the lowest layer due to the cooling of the ground Descending air is heating near the ground Air is heating due to the friction with the ground when wind is blowing Air is cooled due to the wind

M-68 · What type of weather can be expected in the summer with ground inversion and high humidity?

Calm air, no thermals, fog, haze or low clouds Calm air, no thermals, cumulus clouds development above the inversion layer Moderate thermals and bad visibility due to the fog, low stratus clouds, showers Strong thermals due to the intensive heating of the ground, good visibility and cumulus clouds above the inversion layer

M-69 · What is causing the wind?

Gravity Earth rotation Whirlwind Differences in air pressure

M-70 · What does the mark 270/5 in aviation mean :

South wind, speed 5 km/h West wind, speed 5 kt East wind, speed 5 kt West wind, speed 5 km/h

M-71 · What wind does the sign on meteo charts mean? (watch appendix nr. 3) ?

North wind, speed 60 kt West wind, speed 60 kt South wind, speed 15 kt East wind, speed 15 kt

M-72 · Approximately how fast is 20 knots (kt)?

64 km/h 30 km/h 10 km/h 36 km/h

M-73 · Approximately how many knots (kt) is 45 km/h ?

25 kt 15 kt 20 kt 30 kt

M-74 · 10 knots (kt) is approximately:

5 m/s 15 milj/h 36 km/h A,B and C is correct

M-75 · Lenticularis clouds could be the sign of:

Storm clouds Strong thermals Orographic waves and strong wind Weak wind in heights

M-76 · Bora wind in Primorska region:

Blows after the front Announces the front coming Blows up the slopes of hinterland mountains Is strong, yet constant wind

M-77 · What is Fohn wind?

Warmer wind on the wind side of the hill, that is a consequence of forced lift by the slope Warmer, drier wind on the lee side of the hill, that is a consequence of forced lift, condensation and precipitations on the wind side Cooler wind on the lee side of the hill, that is a consequence of fast, dry adiabatic descente Warmer, humid wind on the lee side of the hill, that is a consequence of a fast descent and wet adiabatic cooling

M-78 · Turbulence can appear in an opened atmosphere:

In a subsidence area as air is subsiding When the wind speed is slowly increasing with the height When the wind speed doesn't change with the height When the wind speed is rapidly increasing with the height

M-79 · What does thermal convection mean in nature?

Warming of the air in contact with colder ground Raising of the air by the slope, towards which the wind is blowing Vertical movement and mixing of the air due to the temperature differences Pilot's climbing by the hill, against which the wind is blowing

M-80 · What is thermal lift?

Raising of the heavier air due to the heating Forced lifting of the warm air by the hill A column of raising, warm air Forced heating of the air

M-81 · What is a dynamic lift?

Raising of the air by the hill, against which the wind is blowing Forced movement of the air in a narrow valley Forced raising of the air under the cloud Wind, blowing uphill on the lee side of the hill

M-82 · Which areas are warming up fastest?

Forrests Dry rocky areas Dry grassy areas Water surfaces

M-83 · Termals are most frequent above:

Dark, dry areas Dark, wet areas Light, dry areas Water surfaces

M-84 · What is the best angle of the sun to warm up the ground fastest?

100° 45° 30° 90°

M-85 · Intensity of the thermal mostly depends on:

Intensity of air heating above the ground and temperature gradient Intensity of ground heating Air humidity Daily values of dry adiabatic and wet adiabatic gradient

M-86 · In what order the following areas are cooling down (fastest – slowest)?

Rocks, Grass, forrest Forrest, grass, rocks Water surfaces, rocks, grass, forrest Rocks, grass, forrest, water surfaces

M-87 · What is true for the lee side thermals?

It's relatively weak It appears, when sun is heating the lee side It's less turbulent then the wind side thermals A, B and C is correct

M-88 · On a good thermic day the wind in closed alpine valleys is blowing:

It depends on the prevailing wind on heights Transversely to the axis of the valley Down the valley Up the valley

M-89 · Which clouds are the consequence of the thermic convection?

Altocumulus lenticularis Nimbostratus cumulus Cirrus

M-90 · Which type of clouds is appearing in the spring and summer on a clear sky as a consequence of intense heating of the ground?

Stratus Cumulus Nimbostratus Cirrostratus

M-91 · What is known as a dry adiabatic (blue) thermals?

Thermic with up to 3/8 of cumulus clouds Thermic without cumulus clouds development Blue skies between two storm clouds Strong turbulence in the clear sky

M-92 · When can we expect heat storms in the spring and summer?

Early in the morning if the atmosphere is stable Around 11am Lata afternoon and evening, if the atmosphere is stable Late afternoon and evening, if the atmosphere is labile

M-93 · What can we expect if we are sucked into a cumulus with strong vertical development?

Strong turbulence, strong lift, illusions, loss of orientation Calm lift with occasional turbulence Strong lifts Flying in such cloud is not dangerous at all

M-94 · Before noon there were cumulus developed, at noon the sky is almost overcasted . We must possibly count on:

Spreading of cumulus clouds into stratus clouds above subsidence inversion Development of the cumulus clouds into Cumulonimbus clouds and thunderstorms Disappearing of cumulus clouds and then blue thermals Overcasting with cirrostratus and altostratus, disappearing of cumulus

M-95 · Which phenomena is the most dangerous when flying near the thunderstorm?

Static electricity Lightning Turbulence and wind shear St. Elmos fire

M-96 · How strong could be lifts, found in a storm cloud?

Up to 5 m/sec Up to 2 m/sec Less than 1 m/sec Over 10 m/sec

M-97 · What are the dangers of a storm near by?

Severe turbulence in the air After rescue parachute deployment a pilot can be sucked up Low temperatures in the cloud, frostbite, suffocation, lightning A, B and C is correct

M-98 · What can we find, when sucked up in a cumulonimbus cloud?

Strong turbulence, heavy icing, strong lifts, hypoxia and loss of consciousness on higher altitudes, illusions, undercooling Nothing special Only strong turbulence Only strong lifts

M-99 · Where can we expect turbulence, when flying in a thermal?

On the edge of a column in the area between raising ang descending air In the center of the thermal No danger of turbulence When finishing 360° turn we can hit the turbulence of previous turn

M-100 · What can we expect when exiting from strong thermal?

Calm passage into descending air area Nothing special Turbulence and strong sink Laminar air stream

M-101 · You fly with the headwind towards a cumulus, arriving low directly under the cloud, variometer indicates strong sink. What would you do to find a lift?

I try under another cumulus nearby I circle towards the sunny side of the cloud I find the shadow of the cloud on the ground and fly towards it I fly a bit further into the wind

M-102 · Can we expect turbulent air on a clear day above flat areas with no obstacles ?

No danger, we can always expect only laminar air stream We can expect turbulent air, when wind is increasing rapidly with the height and on the edges of thermals Only on the edges of thermals Yes, when we fly accelerated and come above the water surface

M-103 · What is to be done, when we see dark blue blackness on the horizon and realize that a thunderstorm is coming closer?

We fly on and observe the development and direction of the thunderstorm We fly towards the storm, so we can find strong lifts We execute a fast descente manouvre and land quickly We fly on and wait till the storm comes closer, than make a fast descente manouvre and land quickly

M-104 · When must a pilot check the weather situation?

Before the flight During the flight On the take-off area Not important

M-105 · We are on Ambrož upper take off, facing towards SW, wind sock is showing up due to the thermals, a few hundred meters behind and above the take-off area we see some clouds, indicating N wind of 8 m/s. What can we expect?

Calm air, laminar air stream Strong turbulence due to the wind shear between thermals and general wind Thermic is so strong, that it stops the general wind, no danger for turbulence Easy turbulence, 8m/s is not much for a paraglider

M-106 · What can we expect on the take-off facing S, if light to moderate E wind is blowing? Take-off area is a clearing in a forrest, wind is blowing uphill.

Calm air after take-off Wind drift to the left Turbulent air after take-off No danger

M-107 · Can we take-off when very light wind is blowing downhill (less than 0,5 m/s) ?

No we must not Allways, regardless to the take-off place quality Yes, if the take-off place quality enables us to do so (long, smooth) Yes, if the take-off place is very steep (cliff)

M-108 · Can we take-off, when light wind is blowing downhill (more than 0,5 m/s) ?

Allways, regardless to the take-off place quality No we must not Yes, if safe take-off place configuration allows us Yes, if the take-off place is very steep (cliff)

M-109 · What must we count on when landing on a small field with many obstacles and wind is blowing?

Turbulence near the ground Calm air, obstacles slow down the wind Turbulence near the ground, possible wing deformation Laminar air stream

M-110 · What can we expect on a landing field with obstacles nearby (trees, houses ...), when moderate wind is blowing?

Laminar air stream Nothing special Weak turbulence, that is not dangerous Turbulent air near the ground

M-111 · What can we expect on the take-off place on the top of the ridge, when wind chart is showing 6m/s at 1500m?

Ventouri tube effect, stronger wind Venturi tube effect doesnt affect the wind speed Drop of the wind speed No wind

M-112 · What is true when flying in dynamic lift?

Safe even when wind speed is the same as glider speed We mus count on rising wind speed with the height We can always top land It's better to turn 360° than figures of 8

M-113 · What can we expect on the lee side when strong general wind is blowing:

Laminar air stream lift Termic lift Strong rotor with downdrift areas

M-114 · Can we fly on the N slopes of Karavanke range when SW wind is blowing?

Yes, no problem, we are on the lee side Flying in lee side is deadly as we fly in rotor zones We can fly safe, we are on the wind side It doesn't matter, danger is everywhere

M-115 · On the open space wind is blowing at 4 m/s. What can we expect, when the valley narrows?

Increased wind speed – venturi effect Same wind speed, narrowing of the valley has no effect Wind speed is dropping We can expect strong thermals Construction and Materials (K)

K-01 · Upper surface of the wing is connected with lower surface with:

Ribs Cells Stabilizers Connecting lines

K-02 · What is the purpose of diagonal ribs?

They provide nicer shape of the wing They reduce the number of lines and increase wing solidity They prevent distribution of air inside the wing They direct distribution of air inside the wing

K-03 · Airfoil thickness is usually told given in:

Unit of parable Number of openings in the airfoil Coeficient of enlargement In % according to airfoil lenght

K-04 · Through the pressure equalisation openings air pressure can:

Flow transversaly across the canopy Flow longitudinally across the canopy Decompressed cells can not be filled again Flow out of the wing (pressure regulation)

K-05 · Where are the brake lines attached?

To the front raisers To stabiliser To the front of the canopy (leading edge) To the trailing edge of the canopy

K-06 · Which lines are carrying 3/4 of the weight?

Rear lines (D-lines) Middle lines (B and C lines) Front lines (A and B lines) Brake lines

K-07 · Alltogether load capacity of A and B raisers must be:

Twice as much as max. alltogether take-off weight Exactly 1 ton 10 % more than load capacity of C and D lines At least 8x max. take-off weight and no less than 800 kg (8000 N)

K-08 · Which weight must be considered for the wing load?

Weight of the pilot, equipment and the glider Weight of the pilot and equipment Weight of the pilot Weight of the pilot and the glider

K-09 · What data we need to calculate wing load?

Weight of the equipment and surface of the glider Take-off weight and surface of the glider Wingspan, surface and weight of the glider Volume of the glider, weight of the pilot, weight of the glider

K-10 · What should be the wing load of a paraglider?

The more the better 3,3 kg/m2 Within the limits prescribed by the producer from 2 to 4 kg/m2

K-11 · What should be the wing load of higher aspect ratio glider?

3,3 kg/m2 higher 2,5 kg/m2 Within the limits prescribed by the producer

K-12 · What are possible consequences of too low wing load?

Worse agility of the glider and higher possibility of stall Good climbing in gentle conditions It's hard to make big ears Higher landing speed

K-13 · Pilot weights 80 kg, equipment with the wing included 17 kg. Gliders surface is 28 m2. What is the wing load?

4 kg/m2 Small 2,8 kg/m2 3,4 kg/m2

K-14 · Glider weights 5 kg, pilot with equipment 75 kg. How strong is the force at 6g acceleration?

4800 N 3500 N 4200 N 6000 N

K-15 · What is aspect ratio?

Ratio between the chord line lenght and max. thickness Coefficient of enlargement Ratio between the square of wingspan and the surface Ratio between the wingload and the surface

K-16 · What is the aspect ratio equation?

Square of wingspan : Surface Square of surface : wingspan Square of surface : square of wingspan Square of take-off weight : surface

K-17 · Which glider has the biggest aspect ratio?

Glider with many cells Glider with big wingspan Glider with large surface and lenght Glider with 1/4 of the cells closed

K-18 · The surface of the glider is 26 square meters, wingspan is 11 m, take-off weight is 100 kg. What is the aspect ratio?

cca. 5,25 cca. 2,36 cca. 3,8 cca. 4,65

K-19 · Which construction parameter has the biggest influence on flying performance of a paraglider?

Number of cells and diagonal ribs Aspect ratio and airfoil Narrow main lines Four raisers

K-20 · What is the name of part nr. 1 (Appendix 1) ?

Nose of the profile Trailing edge of a paraglider Cell Cell wall

K-21 · What is the name of part nr.2 (Appendix 1) ?

Leading edge of a paraglider Stabiliser Trailing edge of the glider Cell wall

K-22 · What is the name of the part nr.3 (Appendix nr. 1) ?

Leading edge of the glider Diagonal rib Cell Cell wall

K-23 · What is the name of part nr.4 (Appendix nr. 1) ?

Cell Cell wall Intermediary cell wall Pressure equalizing opening

K-24 · What is the name of part nr. 5 (Appendix nr. 1) ?

Cell Pressure equalizing opening Intermediary cell wall Stabilizer

K-25 · What is the name of part nr. 6 (Appendix nr. 1) ?

Diagonal rib Pressure equalizing opening Intermediary cell wall Nose of the profile

K-26 · What is the name of part nr. 7 (Appendix nr. 1) ?

Stabilizer Cell wall Trailing edge of the glider Brake

K-27 · What is the name of part nr. 8 (Appendix nr. 1) ?

Wingspan Lenght of the glider Aspect ratio Induced drag

K-28 · What is the name of part nr. 9 (Appendix nr. 1) ?

Wingspan Lenght of the glider Aspect ratio Induced drag

K-29 · What is the name of part nr. 10 (Appendix nr. 1) ?

Stabilizer Rear lines Front lines Brake line

K-30 · What is the name of part nr. 11 (Appendix nr. 1) ?

Brake lines Main lines Raisers Carabiners

K-31 · What is the name of part nr. 12(Appendix nr. 1) ?

Main lines Brake lines raisers harness

K-32 · What is the name of part nr. 13 (Appendix nr. 1) ?

Raisers Steering system Harness Carabiner

K-33 · What is the name of part nr. 14 (Appendix nr. 1) ?

Brake line handle Emmergency handle Rescue parachute handle Rear lines

K-34 · What will you do, if your glider often enters stall for a short time?

Shorten A lines with knots Fly a little accelerated Glider must be inspected by the producer Fly all the time with no brakes

K-35 · What can cause increased porosity on the upper surface of the wing?

Wing can stay in stall Worse control Higher horisontal speed Occasional side collapses

K-36 · Hoe do we check technical suitability of the glider?

With technical examination With compare flight With testing With visual check of the canopy and lines

K-37 · What are the factors when choosing the glider?

Price Glide angle Must fit to the knowlege and weight of the pilot Colour and pattern

K-38 · Where do we store the glider?

Doesn't matter In a car In a dry place In a room for sport equipment

K-39 · What affects the solidity and aging of the glider most?

Frequent folding Moisture Flying in dynamic lift UV radiation

K-40 · Which fluid can we take to clean the glider?

cleaning gasoline water Clothes cleaner alcohol

K-41 · What will you do with the glider after salt water landing?

Dry it in a shade Wash with sweet water and dry in the shade Glider must be checked by the producer due to material shrinkage Dry and store in a backpack, so it is exposed to the sun as short as possible

K-42 · There is an oil stain on your glider. How to remove it?

Immediately wash with soap, then with clean water Wash with gasoline Wash with chemical cleaning agent Oil does no harm

K-43 · Why it is not recommendable to store the glider for longer time in a sealed package ?

It can be damaged by the moth It can be damaged by the mildew It is recommendable! Condensed moisture can provoke corrosion

K-44 · Glider cloth is treated with?

With carbon With polyester fibres With special coat or impregnation With reinforcing bands

K-45 · What is fabric porosity?

Air permeability squashability Quality Weight of one square meter of fabric

K-46 · Does UV radiation weaken the gliders fabric?

Only yellow or red coloured After many years of use No Yes

K-47 · What should a pilot take care of when the sun is broiling hot?

Sun makes no harm to the glider or harness Don't leave glider or harness exposed the sun Spray the glider and harness with water Sun only harms the gliders, made of polyester

K-48 · What is "Rip-Stop" material?

Longer lasting, UV resistant material Tear preventing material Kevlar fibers core Special landing technique

K-49 · Your glider has a tear of 3 cm. You can fix it so:

Stick on both sides some canopy repair band Sew with cotton thread Clean with cleaning agent and glue over with a piece of glider fabric Cut the place of the crack and weld it together

K-50 · How does rain affect the glider?

Nothing special Easier take-off with wet glider Changes the centre of gravity We must brake more

K-51 · What can happen when flying in rain?

Responding of the glider is higher, causing sharp turns Glider enters stall Glider will be wet and heavy, landing will be faster Aerodynamic characteristics are improved

K-52 · What should we be carefull when choosing a rescue parachute?

That it's not older than 5 years That it is suitable for your weight That is vividly coloured That it was used at most twice

K-53 · What is important for rescue parachute?

Inner container must be fast and easy extractable The rescue handle must be red The canopy must be made from zero porosity fabric The rescue handle must be located on the right side of the harness

K-54 · Which weight must be considered when choosing the rescue parachute size?

Pilot and equipment, no glider Pilot Pilot, equipment and the glider Pilot, equipment, glider and parachute

K-55 · What is important when installing the rescue parachute in the harness?

That inner container is attached to the top of the parachute That it is installed in the back container That parachute is attached to both sides of the harness That parachute is attached to main carabiners

K-56 · Why it's good that parachute is attached to the harness at shoulder straps?

There is the strongest webing Elsewhere it would be disturbing On the main carabiners is allready the glider When used it puts us in upright position

K-57 · What is important advantage of a front container?

We can place instruments on top of it We see the rescue handle, deployment is possible with both hands Frontal protection We can visually check, that we still have the rescue parachute

K-58 · What must we be carefull when the rescue parachute is installed in a front container ?

That accelerator line is installed under the rescue parachute bridle That instruments are firmly attached That it doesn't block our view down That we use right hand when activating the parachute handle

K-59 · What is the aim of opening – vent on the top of the round parachute?

Fast opening Stability of fall Reduced dynamic blow at opening Reduces Parachute's surface so we are not too light

K-60 · When must we check the opening system of the rescue parachute?

When refolding the parachute Before flying in turbulence When putting equipment in the backpack Before every flight

K-61 · When it is recommendable to refold the rescue parachute?

Every year According to the manual Only when wet Only after use

K-62 · What must we be carefull when closing the harness belts?

That we can close it with one hand That it is closed correctly That it is pulled tight That it is loose

K-63 · What are needed characteristics of the carabiner locks?

Easely accesible Protected surfaces Undesired opening protection Carrying of large loadings in transverse and longitudinal direction

K-64 · What is the aim of protector?

Reduces impact force and protects the pilot Shapes the harness aerodynamicly Improves the comfort Eases the mounting of the rescue parachute in the harness

E-01 · What is asymmetric collapse?

Side collapse is a frontal closing of the wing due to the turbulent air Side collapse a one sided deformation of the wing due to the turbulent air and imperfect piloting Side collapse is one sided deformation of the wing due to the laminar air stream and imperfect piloting Side collapse is impossible if we control the glider well

E-02 · How do we react on a asimmetric collapse?

We brake the collapsed side, we 'pump' the opened side We brake the opened side appo. 20% so we can stop or reduce rotation, we 'pump' the collapsed side till it openes, all the time we take care to preserve the speed We don't react, wing openes itself We perform a full stall and then exit from full stall

E-03 · What is the difference between large asymmetric collapse (over ½ of the wing) and smaller one?

No difference, wing reacts the same At strong collapse rotation is less intensive than at smaller one At strong collapse the rotation is more intese than at smaller one, we brake gently the opened side, take care to preserve the speed, weight shift to neutral position and 'pump' the collapsed side At strong collapse the rotation is more intense than at smaller one, we brake hard the opened side, take care to preserve the speed, weight shift to neutral position and 'pump' the collapsed side

E-04 · What are the dangers of asymmetric collapse?

Intensive spiral dive, stucked stabilo between the lines (cravatte), heavy G force, hitting the slope when soaring close, loss of orientation Only intense spiral dive No danger, easy recovery A, B and C is correct

E-05 · At large asymmetric collapse (over ½ of the wing):

We must stabilize the wing with full stall Above all we must take care not to brake the opened side too much, what can lead us to stall We brake deep with both brake lines and release imediatelly We 'pump' with brake line on the collapsed side

E-06 · How do we increase the danger of full stall at asymmetric collapse, as we brake the outer side of the wing?

If the pilot doesn't brake strong enough, the glider beggins to steer and then enters full stall If the pilot doesn't react, the glider will enter full stall If the brake lines are adjusted too short (short pulls needed to control the glider) If the brake lines are adjusted too long (long pulls needed to control the glider)

E-07 · What is the most dangerous if a pilot reacts on asymmetric collapse with too much brake on the outer side and stalls the glider?

Glider swings sidewards and backwards. From that position it can powerfully surge forward and to the side of the pilot The glider can react completely unexpected The glider can enter the spiral dive A, B and C is correct

E-08 · What should be the first reaction of the pilot, after asymmetric collapse of accelerated glider?

Pull the brake line on the opposite side Pull teh brake line on the collapsed side Weight shift to the collapsed side Immediately stop with accelerating

E-09 · What is cravatte?

Twist around the raisers Stucked stabilizer between the main lines due to the large asymmetric collapse; The most vulnerable wings are those with lines attached to every third cell Stucked stabilizer between the main lines due to the large asymmetric collapse; The most vulnerable wings are those with lines attached to every or every second cell A, B and C is correct

E-10 · What is true when tip of the glider stucks between the main lines (cravatte ) ?

Glider can enter the spiral dive The glider rarely unstuck Pilot can try with weight shifting and braking of the outer side to stop rotation. Immediately throw rescue parachute when low A, B and C is correct

E-11 · What is frontal collapse?

Deformation of the leading edge Deformation of one side of the wing Deformation of trailing edge of the wing It is a cosequence of too big angle of attack

E-12 · What can cause the frontal collapse?

Flying on big angles of attack Turbulent air and flying on very small angles of attack like for example use of accelerator Laminar air stream Incorrect exit of a stall

E-13 · How do we recover from frontal collapse?

With 'pumping' We pull both brakes and release after opening Push the speed bar Grab A-raisers and pull them down

E-14 · How do we perform big ears?

With symmetric pull of one or two outer B-lines on both sides With symmetric pull of all A-lines on both sides With symmetric pull of one or two outer A-lines on both sides. Some gliders have special line or raiser for big ears With symmetric pull of middle A-lines

E-15 · How does the glider with big ears look?

Wing is deformed on both sides Wing has normal shape Wing is deformed on one side Wing is deformed in the middle

E-16 · How do we control the wing with big ears?

With brake lines With brake lines and weight shifting With rear raisers With weight shifting

E-17 · What is maximum vertical speed with big ears?

2 m/s 3 m/s 4-5 m/s when also accelerated 8 m/s

E-18 · What are the dangers of bog ears?

No danger Possibility of stall when Vv closes to Vh Possibility of full stall Big ears are hard to open

E-19 · Exit from big ears:

We 'pump' the wing We brake strongly We 'pump' the wing if wingtips doesn't recover themselves We push the speed bar or release trimmers

E-20 · Enter in the spiral dive:

Strong pull of one brake line, when the wing enters the spiral dive, we gently pull the opposite brake line to increase manouvre stability We gradually pull the brake line and gain some peripheral speed, we help with weight shifting to the inner side. Once in the spiral, we gently pull the opposite brake line to increase manouvre stability We fly on minimum speed, brake one side even more, release the other. Once in the spiral, we gently load the opposite side to increase manouvre stability We gradually pull the brake line together with gaining the peripheral speed, weight shift to the opposite side. Once in the spiral, we gently pull the opposite brake line to increase manouvre stability

E-21 · What is Vv in a spirali :

Up to 20 m/s Up to10 m/s Up to 15 m/s 5m/s

E-22 · What is the G load in a spiral?

Up to 2 G Up to 1 G Up to 3 G Up to 4 G

E-23 · »How heavy« does a pilot feel at 4G, if his mass is 100kg ?

like 300kg like 400kg like 200kg like 100kg

E-24 · Exit from the spiral dive:

We slowly release the brake line, weight shift to neutral position, take one or two turns for exit – depending on intensity of the spiral We release the brake ine quickly, weight shift to neutral position Wo hold the brake line down, weight shift to the neutral position, brake the oposite brake line till rotation stops We slowly release the brake line, keeping the weight in the inner side of the turn

E-25 · What is B-stall?

B-stall is a situation before full stall B-stall is a manouvre for increasing horisontal speed B-stall is a manouvre for fast descending B-stall is a prolongation of A-stalla

E-26 · We perform B-stall by:

Simmetric pull of B-raisers, the wing deforms wedge-shaped across the whole span Simmetric pull of B-raisers, the wing deforms frontally acros the whole span Asymmetric pull of B-raisers, the wing deforms wedge-shaped across the whole spana Strong and sharp pull of B-raisers

E-27 · What is to be carefull while entering the B-stall?

Not to forget pulling A-raisers as well To pull B-raisers asymmetrically It doesn't matter how we pull B-raisers To pull B-raisers Symmetrically and evenly

E-28 · What are Vh and Vv in the B-stall (Vh=horisontal speed, Vv=vertical speed) ?

Vh 4 m/s, Vv 10 m/s Vh 0 m/s, Vv 4 m/s Vh 0 m/s, Vv 8-11 m/s Vh 6 m/s, Vv 15 m/s

E-29 · Exit from B-stall (multiple correct answers possible) :

☑ Select all correct answers.

Release B-raisers symmetrically and quickly, brake the wing if it surges forward (high head wind technique) Release B-raisers symmetrically and slowly Release B-raisers asymmetricaly and quickly Release B-raisers halfway slowly, then quickly, taking care that releasing is symmetrical

E-30 · Under what circumstances during B-stall can the wing massively surge forward, leading to the possible loss of control?

If we are releasing brake lines during last part of the exit too slowly If we release brake lines immediately after the wing deformes and swings backward No danger, it is very safe manouvre When we release B-raisers at the vertical speed of 6-8 m/s

E-31 · What is deep stall?

Deep stall is a sudden reduction of lift forces on the wing due to the exceeded critical angle of attack Deep stall is a sudden reduction of lift forces on the wing due to the too small angle of attack and increased drag Deep stall is the enlargement of vertical and horisontal speed Deep stall is the enlargement of horisontal speed only

E-32 · How do we recognize deep stall?

Enlarged force on the brake lines, reduced sensation of wind due to the reduction of horisontal speed Loose lower surface of the wing, no sensation of wind, reduced forces on the brake lines, increased vertical speed; glider is not responding, when pilot releases brake lines Vertical speed and brake line force are increased Strong whirling of air around the glider and reduced force, needed to control the glider

E-33 · Due to the excessive angle of attack the glider can enter deep stall. During that it comes to :

Reduction of lift and increased upwash of the wing Increased air streaming around the wing and increased inner pressure of the wing Air stream separation and complete reduction of a lift Big enlargement of lift and drag

E-34 · What is the inner pressure of the wing during the deep stall?

Strongly reduced Same as in normal flight Strongly increased There's no inner pressure, wing is deformed

E-35 · How does a stalled wing look like?

Reduced solidity, horse shoe shape Increased solidity, wing is not controllable Reduced solidity, wing is controllable Reduced solidity, wing is 'breathing', wing is not controllable

E-36 · What are Vh and Vv during the stall (Vh=horisontal speed, Vv=vertical speed) ?

Vh 4 m/s, Vv 5-8 m/s Vh 0 m/s, Vv 6-10 m/s Vh 0 m/s, Vv 3-5 m/s Vh 10 m/s, Vv 0 m/s

E-37 · How do we feel the deep stall?

Acoustic variometer, silence due to the reduced horisontal speed, soft brake lines; excited wing (wing is 'breathing'), increasing of the vertical speed Silence due to the increased horisontal speed, acoustic variometer, soft brake lines, calm wing We can not feel the deep stall Big horizontal and vertical speed, soft brake lines, acoustic variometer, excited wing, silence

E-38 · How do we exit the deep stall?

We increase the angle of attack with loading A-raisers or pushing the speed bar We pull one brake line, push the speed bar, load A-raisers, release trimmers We reduce the angle of attack with loading A-raisers or pushing the speed bar We try to get back into normal flight with entering a turn

E-39 · Into what a deep stall can develop with improper reacting?

Spiral dive B-stall Only spin Spin or full stall

E-40 · When can a glider enter deep stall?

On small angles of attack On over crytical angles of attack; at big ears, when Vv almost equals Vh; In the areas of fast sinking air On angles of attack, that doesn't exceed the crytical angle of attack; in a strong thermal; with big ears; in the areas of fast sinking air In sharp turns left and right; in the areas of sinking air; on angles of attack, that doesn't exceed the crytical angle of attack

E-41 · What is full-stall ?

Full-stall is a sudden reduction of lift on the whole wing surface due to the braking over 100 % Full-stall is one sided reduction of the lift as a consequence of too big angle of attack Full-stall is reduction of drag, as a consequence of reduced angle of attack Full-stall is increase of the lift, as a consequence of increase of the angle of attac k

E-42 · What is happening with angle of attack when the wing is going to full stall?

It stays the same It increases and is smaller than the crytical angle of attack It increases over crytical angle of attack It reduces at the beginning, than rapidly increases

E-43 · What are the vertical and horisontal speed of a full stalled glider?

Vh=0m/s, Vv=4m/s Vh=8m/s, Vv=15m/s Vh=4m/s, Vv=0m/s Vh=0m/s, Vv=15m/s

E-44 · Describe the exit from full stall:

When swinging calms, we slowly release the brake lines halw way (till appo. 50% braking), then release quickly. We must be ready for a large surge forward, that must be cought with braking if needed We quickly release the braking lines, when the wing swings behind the pilot, than we catch the wing with strong braking as it surges forward When exiting the manouvre, when swinging calms down, we first release one brake line then another When swinging calms down, we release the brake lines very slowly, letting the wing stay in a deep stall, then exit from deep stall, because with such exit we prevent the glider to surge forward

E-45 · Describe possible dangers at incorrect exit from full stall (multiple correct answers possible) :

☑ Select all correct answers.

If brake lines are released asymmetrically , possibility of spin If brake lines are released symmetrically , possibility of spin If brake lines are released too quickly, as the glider swings behind, possibility of falling into the wing If brake lines are released to slowly, possibility of deep stall If brake lines are released to slowly, there is no chance that the wing stays in a deep stall

E-46 · What is spin?

Spin is one sided reduction of lift due to the over crytical angle of attack on that side. Axis of rotation goes around transverse axis of the wing. Spin is reduction of lift on the whole wing Spin is one sided reduction of lift due to the over crytical angle of attack on that side. Axis of rotation goes through the wing and the pilot. Spin is increase of pressure on deformed side

E-47 · Lift distribution on a spinning wing:

Lift works only on a side, where angle of attack is over crytical angle of attack (deformed side) Lift works only on a side of the wing with undisturbed air stream. On the side where angle of attack is increased over crytical, the air stream is disturbed, so the lift is not working. The Lift is evenly distributed over the whole wing The lift is reduced on the whole wing, consequence is rotation with axis through the wing and the pilot

E-48 · Airflow during the spin:

The side of the wing with lift working, gets airflow from the front, the other side from the back The side of the wing without lift gets airflow from the front, the other side from the back Relative airflow is flowing from the front around both sides, axis of rotation goes through the wing and the pilot. Relative airflow doesnt flow around the wing as the lift is reduced on the whole wing, leading to strong rotation with axis through the wing and the pilot

E-49 · What is the pressure distribution inside the wing during the spin?

On the side with relative airflow from the front, pressure is reduced; on the side with relative airflow from behind, pressure is increased Pressure is evenly distributed over the whole inside of the wing On the side with relative airflow from the front, pressure is increased; on the side with relative airflow from behind, pressure is reduced There is no pressure inside the wing, wing is completely deformed

E-50 · Possible ways to lead the glider in the spin:

1. We fly at minimum speed, we brake one brake line even more, don't release the other ; 2. When flying at minimum speed we release one brake line quickly, don't release the other 1. We fly very slow and make a turn without releasing the opposite brake line; 2. At fast changing turns without a fluid transition from one direction into another, especially when we are to rough on the brake lines 1. When unbraked glider is fast and deep braked to 100% ; 2. At incorrect exits from deep stall or full stall and after strong assymetric collapse without in time reaction A, B and C is correct

E-51 · Describe possible dangers, if the glider runs out of control during the spin:

No danger, wing always stabilizes itself and regains normal flight Possibility of twisted raisers; Strong surge to one side; strong surge forward; loss of orientation, furtherely making exit difficult Lines tear, G forces are bigger than in a spiral; Twisted raisers Twisted raisers; surge to one side; surge forward; loss of orientation; tear of the raisers due to excessive G loads

E-52 · Initial spin we stop:

With braking of the opposite side With immediate weight shift to the opposite side and brake on both sides 50% Strong pull of both brake lines, hold them untill rotation stops and then release Quick release of the brake lines on the braked side

E-53 · On one side of the wing the lift was reduced, multiple spins followed. We exit the situation on adequate altitude:

We stop the rotation with A-stall Throw the rescue parachute Release brake lines, when the wing is in front of us Release brake lines, when the wing is behind

E-54 · When do we use recue parachute? (multiple correct answers possible)

☑ Select all correct answers.

When we loose control and don't recognize the situation When we are under 150m and we suffer large deformations of the wing; if deformation doesn't solve in very short time and is worsening, we throw the rescue parachute immediately When the wings structure is damaged We can use the rescue parachute on 30 m easily

E-55 · What is min. Height for safe deployment of rescue parachute?

50 m 250 m. 350 m. 150 m

E-56 · Explain deployment of the rescue parachute, falling procedures and landing :

We strongly throw parachute away and behind. When it openes, we must stabilize falling. We pull brake lines or B-raisers, thus deforming whole wing and make it come near the parachute canopy. So we reduce vertical speed and calm tha falling. We land on both legs and roll away to reduce the impact force We throw the rescue parachute strongly away and opposite to the direction of rotation. When it openes, we stabilize falling with deforming the whole wing and making it come near the parachute. We land on our bottom to protect our legs, we have the protector anyway We throw the rescue parachute and do nothing A and B are correct

E-57 · What must a pilot do in case of a collision of two aircrafts close to the slope?

Immediately activate the rescue parachutes Wait till the speed of falling is reduced, then activate the rescue parachutes Nothing we can do Both pilots must pull the brake lines completely (if thea are two paragliders)

E-58 · What do we do if the brake line tears during the flight?

Immediately throw the rescue parachute Fly the glider with A-raisers Fly the glider with weight shifting and rear raisers Fly the glider with the remaining brake line

E-59 · Wind suddenly changes during landing. We are low and we notice, that we will land with the tail wind. What do we do?

Immediately turn for 180°, regardless to height We fly forward and prepare for faster landing Tail wind landing is no problem Quickly pull one brake line, so we will land transverally to the wind AVIATION MEDICINE AND FIRST AID L)

L-01 · Which numbers do we call in case of an accident?

911 112 090939822

L-02 · What must an information about accident include?

What happened, where, injuries estimation, name of injured peerson (if possible), who is informing and contact number Name of injured person, type of the glider, number of license, location Location, time of an accident, who is informing

L-03 · What must be done in case of helicopter rescue?

Injured person must be lowered from the tree Good immobilisation All the gliders must be stored in backpacks

L-04 · Which injurie threatens life directly?

Tongue injury Unconsciosness Extensive bleeding

L-05 · Which condition demands the fastest action:

unconscionsness extensive bleeding Spine injury

L-06 · How do we stop a strong bleeding from a wound on a limb:

We thoroughly cover the wound with sterile bandage We make a compression bandage Wate till the bleeding is stopped, than bandage the wound

L-07 · When can we suspect a spine injury?

When injured person fell from heights or when a back pain is present Only when injured person doesn't feel legs When legs are cold and leg deformations are visible

L-08 · How do we react when we suspect spine injury?

We provide a stabile prone position We must help injured person when standing up Important is a stabile supine position, we can't transport injured person alone

L-09 · At least how many persons are needed to safely move the person with spine injury?

2 7 4

L-10 · How can we distinguish a sprain (twist) from a brake (fracture) in the field:

We can't By the amount of blood near the injury By the size of the swelling

L-11 · How do we treat a fractured limb?

Immobilize the limb in a position as it is, together with two neighbouring joints Reposition the limb and immobilize together two neighbouring joints Immobilize the limb in a position as it is, together with one neighbouring joint AVIATION MEDICINE AND FIRST AID L)

L-12 · Which injury could lead to massive internal bleeding?

Opened fracture of an ankle Shoulder dislocation Thighbone (femur) fracture

L-13 · What threatens the injured person with the broken femur most?

That (s)he can't walkDa ne more hoditi Internal bleeding Permanent consequences

L-14 · Position of a person with chest injury:

On a side With supported knees Half seated

L-15 · If we find out, that injured person doesn't breathe:

We put him (her) in a stabile position on a side (recovery position) We immediatelly start with reanimation We consult with the witnesses, inform civil aviation authorities and then start with reanimation

L-16 · Signes of hyperventilation:

Raised body temperature, pins and needles Pins and needles, cramps Tunnel vision, raised body temperature

L-17 · How do we recognize concussionof the brain?

Injured person doesn't remember the accident, nausea, headache Pain in the backhead, blinking Bleeding from nose and ears

L-18 · How do we recognize unconsciousness?

Presence of vital functions, but person is not responding Injured person talks confused Injured person talks confused and has head injury

L-19 · What is the right position for unconscious person?

Underlayed head, raised hands and legs Half seated, underlayed knees Person layes on side

L-20 · Signes of shock are:

Victim is lively roving around Victim is pale, skin is cold and sweaty Victim's puls is fast, boda temperature is raised

L-21 · Position of a person in shock, but conscious:

Half seated, underlayed knees Layed wit raised limbs On left side

L-22 · What is first aid on the field when victim is undercooled?

Prevent from further loss of heat Small amount (not too much) of alcohol, to warm up Victim can walk to first alpine hut (must be available on the cell phone)

L-23 · Purpose of the heart massage:

Better blood flow in the chest To provide blood flow through the body To squeeze out foreigh bodies from respiratory organs AVIATION MEDICINE AND FIRST AID L)

L-24 · What injuries should we think of at fall from the heights?

Injuries of inner hollow abdominal organs Long term consequences Injuries due to the osteoporosis

L-25 · When a victim hangs from electric wires, it is most important:

That we take off his equipment, so there is no contact Notify civil aviation authority Don't touch the victim, untill the electricity is shut off

L-26 · Phisical burdens on a body during spiral dive can lead to:

Shallow brathing High puls and sweating Loss of orientation in space and feeling for heights

L-27 · Symptoms of altitude sickness are:

Headache, nausea, euphory Fever, tremmor, painfull joints Vision troubles, burning eyes, lachrymation

L-28 · No influence on flying safety usually has:

Alcohol, drugs Usual medicines against high fever Stress

L-29 · Paragliding pilot with diagnosed epilepsy:

Can fly safely Canfly safely, if he is taking medecines Can't fly safely

L-30 · With who do you consult about your healt condition, when it comes to flying safety ?

With experts in contact columns of newspapers With experienced pilots of motor airplanes With authorized doctor for flight medical examinations

Z-01 · Height of 1000 ft is:

Approximately 300 m Exactly 1000 m approximately 100 m approximately 250 m

Z-02 · QNH is abbreviation for:

Air pressure calculated on the main sea level Air pressure on certain elevation Relative altitude It is connected with standard pressure of 1013,2 hpa

Z-03 · Abbreviation AGL means:

Height above sea Height above gound level Distance to clouds Absolute altitude

Z-04 · MSL is abbreviation for:

Height above the take-off place Height above terrain Height above main sea level Relative height

Z-05 · CTR is abbreviation for:

Controlled air space, where no radio connection with air traffic control is required terminal control area uncontrolled air space controled zone

Z-06 · TMA is abbreviation for:

terminal control area Controlled air space, where no radio connection with air traffic control is required Uncontrolled air space Military training zone

Z-07 · TMA Portorož is marked on a chart with a letter (appendix nr. 4)

O U U in Ž Not marked with any letter

Z-08 · CTR Ljubljana is marked on a chart with a letter (appendix nr. 4) :

D F C A

Z-09 · Class D airspace is also:

CTR Ljubljana, Maribor, Pororož TMA Ljubljana, Maribor, Portorož Uncontrolled airspace Controlled airspace and we can fly in it

Z-10 · Airspace, where paragliding is alowed without previous permission from Civil aviation directorate, is:

Class D airspace Class C airspace Class G and E airspace Class G airspace

Z-11 · Class G airspace ranges to:

2900 m MSL 2300 m AGL Depends on the area 2900 m QFE

Z-12 · Class G airspace (appendix nr. 4) :

Is at points A,B,C Is at points A and B to 9500 ft MSL, at point D to 1000 ft AGL, at point F to 2500 AGL, at point H to 1000 ft AGL, at point U to 1000 ft AGL and at point T to 2500 AGL Is at points A,B,C to 2900m QNH Is at points from answer b) and at points I and G

Z-13 · Class E airspace (Appendix nr. 4) :

Is at points F,T from 2500 ft AGL to 7500 ft MSL Is at points F,Z,T,H and U from ground to 7500 ft Is at points A and B to 2900 m QNH Is at point C

Z-14 · In class E airspace paragliding is:

Always forbidden Allowed Allowed, if we get civil aviation directorate permission in case of competitions and similar Allowed, exept when NOTAM is issued

Z-15 · Point N near Ilirska Bistrica is area where flying is (appendix nr. 4) :

Allowed from ground up to 7500 ft MSL Dangerous from ground up to 7500 ft MSL, because of the military polygon unlimited forbidden from ground up to 7500 ft QNE

Z-16 · Points S and Š near Ilirska Bistrica mean (appendix nr. 4) :

Area of forbidden or limited flying when NOTAM is issued Area of forbidden flying Area where class G airspace ranges up to 2500 ft AGL, flying could be forbidden or limited when NOTAM is issued due to the military activity No limits

Z-17 · At which point marked on chart flying is allowed up to 2900 m QNH (appendix nr. 4) ?

At points A and B At points C and D At point A At point B

Z-18 · At which points flying is forbidden from ground up (appendix nr. 4) ?

S,N,G,M C,O,I,G.F,A,B S,N,A,B,W C,O,I,G,M,R

Z-19 · In which areas, marked with letters, flying is forbidden above 1000 ft AGL (appendix nr. 4) ?

D,C,H,G,O,U D,U,H,Z,Y,Ž,X C,O,P,R C,F

Z-20 · Up to what altitude can we fly around Lijak, Ajdovščina and Kovk?

9500 ft MSL 7500 ft AGL 2500 ft AGL 1000 ft AGL

Z-21 · Above Preddvor, Golnik and Gornji grad class G airspace ranges up to:

1000 ft AGL 1000 ft MSL 9500ft MSL Paragliding is forbidden, it's class D airspace

Z-22 · Domžale and Moravče are located in airspace:

Class D, flying is allowed Class C, flying is allowed up to 1000 ft AGL Class D, flying is strictly forbidden Class C, flying is strictly forbidden

Z-23 · Is flying allowed above Maribor?

Not allowed Allowed up to 1000 ft AGL Allowed up to 1000 m AGL Allowed, we are in TMA MB

Z-24 · Around Slovenj Gradec paragliding is allowed up to:

7500 ft MSL 1000 ft AGL 9500 ft MSL 2500 ft AGL

Z-25 · Is it allowed to fly with a paraglider from Krvavec directly to Ljubljana?

Yes, it is allowed Not allowed Allowed if NOTAM is not issued Allowed up to 1000 ft above the ground

Z-26 · Abbreviation NOTAM means:

Notice to airmen about limitations and changes in certain areas Notice about dangerous weather It only affects pilots in air traffic, not paragliders Notice, which affects all participants in air traffic and sets limitations, changes and prohibitions in certain area

Z-27 · Do we need to check for NOTAM before flight?

yes No If you want No, NOTAM doesn't affect paragliders

Z-28 · Where can we check for NOTAM?

ARO, AIP, URSCL METEO service Brnik, AIP At administration for civil protection and disaster relief Only Civil aviation directorate is competent for NOTAM

Z-29 · What is the youngest age limit to start with paragliding under instructor's supervision ?

18 years 15 years, with verified written allowance of parents or caregiver 16 years, with verified written allowance of parents or caregiver 17 years, with verified written allowance of parents or caregiver

Z-30 · How is the validity of paragliding license limited?

unlimited must be extended every four years is valid, if driving license of B category or higher is valid Is valid till 65 years

Z-31 · How often must a technical examination of the paraglider be done?

Every year Every two years According to producers manual Every three years

Z-32 · Can a paraglider take-off with a help of a winch or towing car?

yes yes, must have permission from civil aviation directorate No Yes, must have permission from Police

Z-33 · How high above the ground can we fly without a rescue parachute?

50 meters 300 meters We must not fly without the rescue parachute 150 meters

Z-34 · At what time can a paraglider fly under the daytime visual flying rules?

When pilot finds visibility good From sunrise till sunset From half an hour before sunrise till half an hour after sunset Untill visibility is at least 1 kilometer

Z-35 · What is minimum allowed altitude when flying over group of people, roads and electric wires?

100 meters, 50 meters 150 meters 200 meters

Z-36 · Who is setting direction of rotation in a thermal?

One with the slowest paraglider The lowest or the first One who is climbing fastest No rule

Z-37 · Can a pragliding pilot fly in clouds?

No Yes, when flying under instrumental flying rules Yes, if there is no other participant near Only in cumulus clouds with shallow development

Z-38 · What is a minimum distance between paragliders when meeting on the same altitude ?

One span of a paraglider Minimum 10 meters Depends on the skill level of the pilots Minimum 50 meters

Z-39 · How do two pilots avoid when coming close on the sam altitude near the slope?

Both are avoiding to the right Avoids one with the slope on the left Avoids one with the slope on the right The lower one must fly under the higher one

Z-40 · Can a pilot pass by another pilot on the same altitude, when they have slope on the right side ?

yes No Yes, if (s)he warns the other before Yes, if slower one gives a sign of permission

Z-41 · Many paragliders are landing. Which one has priority?

The highest The fastest The lowest The least experienced

Z-42 · Can a paraglider land on a sport airport?

Yes, that's the purpose of an airport No Yes, if paraglider has a motor Yes, if agreed with airport manager

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Flight log

Record of completed flights — manual entry or import IGC file from instrument.

4 Flights

3:13 Total airtime

1:12 Longest

1620 m Max altitude

33.5 km Total distance

#	Date	Takeoff	Launch site	Landing	Duration	Max alt.	Gained alt.	Distance	Max ↑	Paraglider	Notes
4	3. 9. 2026	10:40	Ambrož	Preddvor	0:38	1620 m	410 m	6.2 km	2.1 m/s	APCO Prima	—
3	28. 8. 2026	14:05	Lijak	Šempas	1:12	1180 m	520 m	14.8 km	2.8 m/s	APCO Prima
Notes: Prvi daljši prelet — termika ob grebenu.
2	21. 8. 2026	11:20	Kobala	Tolmin	0:52	1490 m	380 m	9.1 km	1.9 m/s	APCO Prima	—
1	14. 8. 2026	09:55	Ambrož	Preddvor	0:21	1350 m	120 m	3.4 km	1.2 m/s	APCO Prima	—

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Začetni tečaj 8. 7. 2026

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Exam questions

A-01 · Which body of the same frontal cross-section and at the same speed offers least drag?

A-02 · Which body of the same frontal cross-section and at the same speed offers most drag?

A-03 · We describe laminar airflow as :

A-04 · How does the profile of a paraglider get shape ?

A-05 · Where does the force of gravity pull?

A-06 · The drag is pulling in the direction of:

A-07 · Which force is pulling against the force of gravity during the glide?

A-08 · What is the glide angle ?

A-09 · What is the name of the resultant of the lifting power and the drag?

A-10 · The lift is pulling :

A-11 · At what angle, regarding to the airstream, the lift is pulling?

A-12 · Which factor is irrelevant for the lift force?

A-13 · Which factor is irrelevant for the lift force?

A-14 · Which factors are important for the lift force?

A-15 · How the lift is distributed over the wing?

A-16 · With asymmetric airfoil:

A-17 · With Every lift producing airfoil the airstream over the upper surface is:

A-18 · The lift is result of :

A-19 · Which statement is correct?

A-20 · What is the correct distribution of lift on a bent asymetric airfoil?

A-21 · Where on the paraglider do we find mostly negative pressure?

A-22 · The leading edge of the airfoil during the glide is facing:

A-23 · Thick and strongly bent airfoil provides:

A-24 · What do we achieve with shortening of the A lines?

A-25 · What is true when we push accelerator (speed bar):

A-26 · What is true when we push accelerator (speed bar):

A-27 · Trimmers on the paraglider:

A-28 · If the rear lines of the glider are shortened:

A-29 · What can happen if A and B lines are streched?

A-30 · How does the center of pressure move as we increase the angle of attack?

A-31 · While flying slow we increase angle of attack, so:

A-32 · Danger of loosing the lift is especially serious:

A-33 · When pulling brakes for too long it is dangerous:

A-34 · During Full stall:

A-35 · What can increase the gliders tendency to stall?

A-36 · What can happen if the brake lines are set 40 cm too short?

A-37 · What happens if brake lines are set 15 cm too long?

A-38 · From wings polar curve we can see :

A-39 · In the polar curve the highest sink is at point (enclosure nr. 2) :

A-40 · Which is the point ob the best glide (enclosure nr. 2) ?

A-41 · What is true about the best glide speed?

A-42 · Usually the glider has the best glide or the best sink while flying as follows:

A-43 · When glider is flying at the best glide speed:

A-44 · Glide angle number tells:

A-45 · What is the glide ratio of the glider, which in calm conditions flies 4.2 km distance from 600 m relative altitude?

A-46 · Glider flies in calm conditions 900m distance from 300m relative altitude. How far can it fly from 2100 m of relative altitude?

A-47 · How does the glide ratio of a glider (4 in no wind at 30 km/h air speed) change , when flying at the same settings and tail wind of 30 km/h?

A-48 · If the air speed is 34 km/h and there is a17 km/h of head wind:

A-49 · The speed range of the paraglider is:

A-50 · What is air speed?

A-51 · Which is the most important speed for flying?

A-52 · Does during glide flying forward necessarily mean flying down too (relative to the surrounding air)?

A-53 · If pilot flies without braking :

A-54 · What speed should a pilot fly at in a thermal to reach max. Climb?

A-55 · How should a pilot fly in wide, weak thermals?

A-56 · Basic setting of the construction angle of attack should provide:

A-57 · Increased wing load causes:

A-58 · How does the higher wing load affect the speed?

A-59 · How does the higher wing load affect the min. Speed?

A-60 · Heavier pilots fly relative to the lighter pilots (with the same glider):

A-61 · Which drag affects the glider during the flight?

A-62 · Equalizing of pressures on the wing tips causes:

A-63 · How can we reduce the induced drag?

A-64 · With increasing aspect ratio we induce:

A-65 · Swing stability means:

A-66 · At sudden gusts of wind or when entering a strong thermal, the resulting torque swings the glider around:

A-67 · Very tight (too short) chest strap of the harness: